ingilizce Zamanlar

ingilizce Zamanlar,ingilizce tenses

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE  (Geniş zaman)

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE					QUESTION
I	-	write	I	do	not		write	do	I	write
you	-	write	you	do	not		write	do	you	write
we	-	write	we	do	not		write	do	we	write
they	-	write	they	do	not		write	do	they	write
he	-	writes	he	does	not		write	does	he	write
she	-	writes	she	does	not		write	does	she	write
it	-	writes	it	does	not		write	does	it	write
İşin mantığı: Dünya yuvarlaktır (genel) , Ateş yakar (genel) , İnsanlar acıkır ..... Gibi genel olayları ve durumları vurgulamak için Simple Present tense kullanılır.
1.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen 2.Most animals kill only for food 3.The world is round						Simple Present tense genelde olan olay ve durumla rı vurgulamak için kullanılır ,bunlar; geçmişte vardı , şu an var , gelecekte de olacak . örn: Dünyanın dönmesi .
1.I study for two hours every night 2.My classes begin at nine 3.He always eats a sandwich for lunch						Simple present tense günlük aktiviteleri ve alışkanlıkları vurgulamak için de kullanılır.
1.I don't recognize that man 2.He needs a pen right now						Belirli fiilerin continuous tense ( şimdiki zaman ) halleri olmadığından bu tens'te kullanılmaları zorunludur.
Aşaıdaki fiiler normalde continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlar Appreciate Depend Hate Need See Understand Believe Dislike Hear Owe Seem Want Belong Doubt İmagine Own Seem İnclude Care Envy Know Possess Smell Consist Exist Like Prefer Sound Cost Fear Love Realise Suppose Contain Feel Mean Remember Taste
Sonu s , sh , ch , x ile biten sözcüklerin çoğulu ve fiilerin geniş zaman halleri -es takısı alırlar. Finish Finishes Bus Buses Watch Watches Box Boxes
Sonu y ile biten sözcükler - ies takısı alırlar , fakat y nin önünde sesli harf varsa sonuna sadece - s gelir Study studies Baby babies Try tries Boy boys
Sonu f veya fe ile biten sözcükler - ves takısıyla çoğul olurlar knife knives shellf shellves
Geniş zamanda Have fiili he , she , it için has olarak değişir. · I have a shover everyday · John has a shover everyday Sıklık belirten fiiller Sımple present tens'te özneden hemen sonra gelirleralways / Never / often / Sometimes / Usually + Present simple (Geniş zaman) · Sue always arrives at work early · I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk · Julia never eats breakfast

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) { ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN } 

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	am	writing	I	am	not	writing	am	I	writing
you	are	writing	you	are	not	writing	are	you	writing
we	are	writing	we	are	not	writing	are	we	writing
they	are	writing	they	are	not	writing	are	they	writing
he	is	writing	he	is	not	writing	is	he	writing
she	is	writing	she	is	not	writing	is	she	writing
it	is	writing	it	is	not	writing	is	it	writing

Bu tens konuşma anında devam eden (süren) aktiviteleri vurgulamak için kullanılır ( ŞU AN ) · John is sleeping right now · I need an umbrella because it is raining · John and marry are talking on phone Bu tens ayrıca genelde süreklilik halinde olan aktiviteleri vurgulamak için de kullanılır. · I am taking five course this semester · John is trying to improve his work habits · She is writing another book this year Sonu - e ile biten fiillerde -e düşer - ing gelir make making write writing come coming dance dancing Sonu - ie ile biten fiiller - ying takısı alırlar lie lying die dying tie tying Eğer tek heceli bir fiilin sonu ( sesli + sessiz ) harf ile bitiyorsa son sessiz ikilenerek - ing takısı alır. stop stopping Bu kuralın istisnası şudur: eğer bir fiilin sonu ( -y ) veya ( - w ) sessizlerinden biri ile bitiyorsa, fiil tek heceli bile olsa son sessiz ikilenmez. run running get getting swim swimming big bigger hot hotter thin thinner draw drawing play playing İki veya daha fazla heceli fiilerde son sessizin ikilenmesine gerek yoktur happen happening visit visiting remember remembering Sonu iki sessizle biten tek heceli fiiler direkt olarak - ing takısı alırlar help helping work working

SIMPLE PAST  ( GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	-	wrote	I	did	not	write	did	I	write
you	-	wrote	you	did	not	write	did	you	write
we	-	wrote	we	did	not	write	did	we	write
they	-	wrote	they	did	not	write	did	they	write
he	-	wrote	he	did	not	write	did	he	write
she	-	wrote	she	did	not	write	did	she	write
it	-	wrote	it	did	not	write	did	it	write

Simple past , geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlamış ve bitmiş bir durum veya aktiviteyi işaret eder. FORMÜLÜ: Özne + Verb 2 ( Fiilin 2. hali )---- yani Simple past hali  I walked to school yesterday  He lived in paris for ten years , but now he is living in rome  I bought a new car three days ago Eğer Simple past tense ile kurulmuş bir cümle (When) kalıbını içeriyorsa : when ile başlayan cümle diğerinden önce  olmuştur aşağıdaki ilk örnekte önce yağmur başladı sonra ağacın altında durdum ifadesi anlaşılmalıdır.  I stood under a tree when it began to rain  when she heard a atrange noise she got up to investigate  when I dropped my cup , the coffee spilled on my lap Eğer geçmiş zaman (past tense) ile kullanılan bir cümlenin  fiili yoksa geçmiş zamanı belirtmek için: was , werekullanılması zorunludur. Positive Negative Question I was I was not was I You were You were not were You we were we were not were we they were they were not were they he was he was not was he she was she was not was she it was it was not was it Last year Rachel was 22 , so she is 23 now When I was a child , I was afraid of dogs we were hungry after the journey but we weren't tired the hotel was comfortable but it wasn't expensive was the weather good when you were on holiday those shoes are nice . were they expensive why were you late this morning

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE  ( Türkçede karşılığı yok )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE					QUESTION
I	have	written	I	have	not		written	have	I	written
you	have	written	you	have	not		written	have	you	written
we	have	written	we	have	not		written	have	we	written
they	have	written	they	have	not		written	have	they	written
he	has	written	he	has	not		written	has	he	written
she	has	written	she	has	not		written	has	she	written
it	has	written	it	has	not		written	has	it	written
1. They have moved into a new aparttment. 2. Have you ever visited Mexico. 3. I have already seen that movie. 4. I have never seen snow						Present Perfect şu fikri vurgular: Şu andan önce meyda na gelmiş veya gelmemiş birşeyi anlatırken kesin zaman ın önemli olmadığı durumlar. (Eğer belirli bir zaman var sa Simple past kullanılır.)
5. We have had four tests so far this semester 6. I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks. 7. I have met many people since I came here in june 8. I have flown on an airplane many times						Present perfect birde  şu andan önceki bir aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular,her tekrarın kesin zamanı önemli değildir
9. I have been here since seven o'clock 10.We have been here for two weeks 11.I have had this same pair of shoes for three years 12.I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child						Present perfect tense ayrıca for ve since ile kullanı labilir. O zaman şunu vurgular: Bir durum geçmişte başlmış  şu anda da devam ediyor Since + belirli bir zaman ( since: denberi ) For + zamanın sürekliliği ( For: dır )
Present Perfect Simple nin kullanımları 1.kullanımı: Geçmişte başlamış ve bugüne kadar devam eden bir zaman periyodundan bahsediyorsak bu tensi kullanmak zorundayız. Bu zaman periyodu bütün hayatımızdaki deneyimleri kapsayabilir. Hayatımız da herhangi bir deneyimi yaşayıp yaşamadığımız bu tens ile sorulur. Have you ever been to China   ( Hiç çinde bulundunmu? ) Have you ever eaten caviar      ( Hiç havyar yedinmi ? ) I haven't been to  India             ( Hindistanda hiç bulunmadım ) We have never had a car         ( Hiçbir zaman arabamız olmadı ) It's the most boring film I've ever seen . (Hayatımda gördüğüm en sıkıcı film.) I haven't eaten anything since breakfast ( Kahvaltıdan beri hiçbirşey yemedim ) 2.kullanım: Present perfect kullanıldığında genellikle bugün ile bir bağlantı vardır. Eğer geçmişte olmuş bir eylemin sonucu bugünü etkiliyorsa yine bu tens kullanılır. Where's your key ? I don't know. I 've lost it ( Şu an anahtarım yok ) He told me his name but  I 've forgotten it   ( Adını söylemişti fakat unuttum ) I can't find my bag. Have you seen it ?  ( Çantamı bulamıyorum, onu gördünmü?) 3.kullanım: Geçmişle bugünü bağlayan bir köprü olarak kullanılır. I started learninig english in september I am still lerning english I have lerned English since september (Eylülden beri ingilizce öğreniyorum)-üstteki iki cümleyi birleştirdi. Ayşe is my best friend  I met Ayşe seven years ago I have known her for 7 years ( onu yedi yıldır tanıyorum ) I am a teacher I started teaching 20 years ago I have been a teacher for 20 years. ( 20 yıldır öğretmenim )

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS  ( PROGRESSIVE )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	have	been writing	I	have	not	been writing	have	I	been writing
you	have	been writing	you	have	not	been writing	have	you	been writing
we	have	been writing	we	have	not	been writing	have	we	been writing
they	have	been writing	they	have	not	been writing	have	they	been writing
he	has	been writing	he	has	not	been writing	has	he	been writing
she	has	been writing	she	has	not	been writing	has	she	been writing
it	has	been writing	it	has	not	been writing	has	it	been writing

Present Perfect continuous , yakın zamanda veya henüz sona ermiş bir aktivitenin ifadesinde kullanılabilir bu aktivitenin şu an ile bağlantısı vardır. Örn: Eve gittiniz çocuğunuzun gözleri kıpkırmızı ve ne olduğunu öğreneceksiniz . What have you been doing  demeniz lazım ( What are you doing olmaz.) Örn: A şahsı avrupa turuna çıkmış ve B şahsıyla ispanyada karşılaşıyor  A' nın gideceği  yerler sıralı: 1. France 2. England 3.Spain 4. Germany 5. Italy A: What have you been doing ? ( Ne yapıyorsun ) B: I have been traveling around Europe (eğer A şahsı: What are you doing deseydi , B şahsı o anda ne yapıyorsa onu söylerdi , alışveriş yapıyo rum vs. derdi.) A: Which countries have you visited B: I have visited France and England and now I'm in Spain , I haven't been Germany and Italy yet.
Right now I am sitting at my desk. 1. I have been sitting here since seven o'clock. 2. I have been sitting here for two hours 3. You have been studying for five straight hourse	Bu tens bir aktivitenin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için kullanılır.Sözü edilen aktivite geçmişte başladı ve şu an devam etmektedir. Tense bu anlamı zamanı simgeleyen kelimelerle veririz. Bunlar: For , Since , all morning , all day , all week.
5. I have been thinking about changing my major. 6. All of the students have been studying hard .Final   exams start next week. 7. My back hurts , so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. the bed is too soft.	Presen perfect continuous tens zamanın herhangi bir spesifik anlamı dışında kullanıldığında, genel bir aktivitenin son zamanlardaki sürekliliğini vurgular.
8. I have lived here since 1985 I have been living here since 1985 9. he has worked at the same store for ten years He has been working at the same store for ten  years	Live , work , teach gibi continuous tensleri olan fiillerlesince veya for kullanıldığında , present perfect continuous ile present perfect simple arasın da pek bir fark olmaz. Yandaki örneklerde pek bir anlam farkı yoktu

PAST PERFECT TENSE  ( MİŞLİ GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	had	written	I	had	not	written	had	I	written
you	had	written	you	had	not	written	had	you	written
we	had	written	we	had	not	written	had	we	written
they	had	written	they	had	not	written	had	they	written
he	had	written	he	had	not	written	had	he	written
she	had	written	she	had	not	written	had	she	written
it	had	written	it	had	not	written	had	it	written
1. My parents had already eaten by the time I got home 2. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it . 3. The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock thedoor.					Past perfect tense: gemişte bir aktivitenin başka bir aktiviteden önce tamamlandığını vurgular. yani:Geç mişte oluşmuş iki eylem var fakat 1. eylem , 2.cisin den önce olmuş işte 1.eylem past perfec tir.
4. Sam had already left when we got there 5. Sam had left before we got there 6. Sam left before we got there 7. after the guests had left. I went to bed					4. d: önce sam ayrıldı sonra biz oraya vardık. (yani: biz vardığımızda sam ayrılmıştı). Eğer bir cümlede before veyaafter kullanılıyorsa genellikle past per fect tense gerekli değildir. Simple past 6. ve 8. ci örneklerde belki kullanılabilir. Not: 5-6 ve 7-8 aynı an lamdadır.
When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had already gone home When we got home last night , we found that somebody had broken into the flat Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because  she had already seen the film. I didn't know who she was . I had never seen her before The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks

PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)  ( GEÇMİŞTE SÜREKLİLİK )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	was	writing	I	was	not	writing	was	I	writing
he	was	writing	he	was	not	writing	was	he	writing
she	was	writing	she	was	not	writing	was	she	writing
it	was	writing	it	was	not	writing	was	it	writing
we	were	writing	we	were	not	writing	were	we	writing
you	were	writing	you	were	not	writing	were	you	writing
they	were	writing	they	were	not	writing	were	they	writing
İşin Mantığı: geçmişte süregelen bir eylem kesintiye uğruyor. Örn: dün tam okula yürürken yağmur başladı  ( yürüme eylemi sürerken , bu ylemin belirli bir yerinde  yağmur eyleminin devreye girmesi)
1. I was walking down the street when it began to rain 2. While I was walking down the street,it began to rain 3. I was standing under a tree when it began to rain					1. de Önce caddeden aşağıya yürüyordum,sonra yağmur başladı.Örneklerde iki eylemde aynı zamanda meydana geliyor fakat biri, diğeri başladığında ,daha önce başlayıp süreklilik halin dedir.
4. At eight o'clock last night , I was studying 5. Last year at this time I was attending school					4. örnekte: Benim çalışmam 8'den önce başladı ve 8'de ben çalışıyordum, muhtemelen çalışmam sonrasın dada devam etti
6. While I was studying in one room of our apartment my roommate was having a party in the other room					Eğer iki eylem benzer şekilde süreklilik halindeyse Past continuous cümlenin iki bölümündede kullanı labilir (baazen)
7. It rained this morning 8. It was raining					Bazı durumlarda simple past ve past continuous aynı anlamı verebilir (7 ve 8 deki gibi)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS  ( -makta - mekte )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	had	been writing	I	had	not	been writing	had	I	been writing
you	had	been writing	you	had	not	been writing	had	you	been writing
we	had	been writing	we	had	not	been writing	had	we	been writing
they	had	been writing	they	had	not	been writing	had	they	been writing
he	had	been writing	he	had	not	been writing	had	he	been writing
she	had	been writing	she	had	not	been writing	had	she	been writing
it	had	been writing	it	had	not	been writing	had	it	been writing

Geçmişte olmuş iki eylem var ve bunlardan önce olanın sürekliliği past perfect continuous tense ile vurgu lanır. 1. Our game of  tennis was interrupted. we'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very havily. 2. Ken give up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years.
1. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him 2. The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before  a doctor finally treated her 3. He finally came at six o'clock I had been waiting for him since four - thirty.	Past perfect continuous: geçmişte bir eylemden önce başka bir eylemin süreklilik içerisinde oldu ğunu vurgular.
4. When judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming 5.Her eyes were red because she  had been crying	Bu tens ayrıca geçmişteki bir eyleme yakın zamanlı fakat ondan daha önce olan bağlantısız bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için de kulanılır.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE  (Gelecek zaman)

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	will	write	I	will	not	write	will	I	write
you	will	write	you	will	not	write	will	you	write
we	will	write	we	will	not	write	will	we	write
they	will	write	they	will	not	write	will	they	write
he	will	write	he	will	not	write	will	he	write
she	will	write	she	will	not	write	will	she	write
it	will	write	it	will	not	write	will	it	write

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

am

going to

write

I

am

not

going to

write

am

I

going to

write

you

are

going to

write

you

are

not

going to

write

are

you

going to

write

we

are

going to

write

we

are

not

going to

write

are

we

going to

write

they

are

going to

write

they

are

not

going to

write

are

they

going to

write

he

is

going to

write

he

is

not

going to

write

is

he

going to

write

she

is

going to

write

she

is

not

going to

write

is

she

going to

write

it

is

going to

write

it

is

not

going to

write

is

it

going to

write

Konuşma anında geleceğe dönük bir eylemi ifade etmek için will kullanılır. Going to ise önceden yapılan planlar ve niyetler için kullanılır. Örn: biri paltosunu giydi dışarıya çıkıyor. onu gören kişi will ile soru sorar, çıkan kişinin diyelim ki o saatte biriyle buluşması gerekiyor  ( önceden planlamış ) going to ile cevap verir.
1. He will finished his work tomorrow. 2. He is going to finish his work tomorrow	Will veya be going to , gelecek zamanı vurgulamak için kullanılır.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS  (Gelecekte süreklilik)

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

will

be

writing

I

will

not

be

writing

will

I

be

writing

you

will

be

writing

you

will

not

be

writing

will

you

be

writing

we

will

be

writing

we

will

not

be

writing

will

we

be

writing

they

will

be

writing

they

will

not

be

writing

will

they

be

writing

he

will

be

writing

he

will

not

be

writing

will

he

be

writing

she

will

be

writing

she

will

not

be

writing

will

she

be

writing

it

will

be

writing

it

will

not

be

writing

will

it

be

writing

I will be doing something = birşeyler yapıyor olacağım ( bir eylemin ortasında olacağım ) Örn: The football match begins at 7:30 and ends at  9:15  so  during this time ,for example  8:30 , Kevin will be watching the match. - This time tomorrow I'll be travelling through france - In the 21 st century, people  will be living to the age of 130
1. I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight . I will be studying when you come. 2. Right now I am sitting in class . At the same time tomorrow I will be sitting in class.	The future continuous tense gelecek zamanda bir aktivitenin süreklilik halinde olacağını vurgular.
3. Don't call me at nine , because I won't be home .I am ging to be studying at the library.	be going to nun continuous formu: be going to + be + - ing
4. Don't get impatient . She will be coming soon 5. Don't get impatient . She will come soon	Baazen future continuous ile simple future arasında çok çok az bir farklılık vardır veya hiçbir farklılık yoktur. Özellikle  gelecekteki olay belirsiz bir zaman da meydana gelmişse.
Not: teklif sorularında mutlaka shall kullan . will kullanma · shall we phone to see what time the film start · shall I carry that heavy case for you

FUTURE PERFECT ( Gelecekte geçmiş )

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

will

have

written

I

will

not

have

written

will

I

have

written

you

will

have

written

you

will

not

have

written

will

you

have

written

we

will

have

written

we

will

not

have

written

will

we

have

written

they

will

have

written

they

will

not

have

written

will

they

have

written

he

will

have

written

he

will

not

have

written

will

he

have

written

she

will

have

written

she

will

not

have

written

will

she

have

written

it

will

have

written

it

will

not

have

written

will

it

have

written

Future Perfect tense: Gelecekte , kesin bir zamandan önce birşeyin tamamlanmış olacağını vurgular Örn: 1.He will have finished his exams by december. 2.Kevin's football match ends at 9:15 so after this time ,for example at 9:30 the matcah will have finished. 3.Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning , so she will not be at home at 9 o'clock.She will   have  gone to work. ( sally sabahları daima 8:30 da işe gider bundan dolayı saat 9 da evde olmayacak,işe gitmiş olacak) 4.We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema ( Geç kaldık, biz sinema ya varana kadar film başlamış olacak.) 5.When their first child was born ,they had been married for three years. - past perfect Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years - present perfect Next year they will have been married for 25 years - future perfect

 I will graduate in june . I will see you in july. By the next time I see you , I will have graduat ed  I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.

The future perfect tense: Gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce tamamlanmış bir aktiviteyi vurgular

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( Gelecekte süreklilik )

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

I

will

have been

writing

I

will

not

have been

writing

will

I

have been

writing

you

will

have been

writing

you

will

not

have been

writing

will

you

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Future Perfect continuous: gelecekteki bir zaman diliminde bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgular . örn: She will have been teaching here for thirty years by the time she retires next year. örn: Margeret was born in 1950. by the year 2000, she will have been living on this earth for 50 years
1. I will go to bed at ten p.m. he will get home at midnight, at midnight I will be sleeping . I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home.	The future perfect continuous ,gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce bir eylemin süreklilik içinde ola cağını vurgular.
2. When Professor jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years. 3. When professor jones retires next month , he will have been teaching for 45 years	Bazen Future perfect ve Future perfect continuous aynı anlamı verir . örn: 2 ve 3 teki gibi. Ayrıca sözko nusu aktivitenin geçmiş zamanda başlamış olabile ceği de dikkate alınmalıdır.
1. Ann and Andy got married on june 1.st. Today is june 14 th. Ann and Andy have been married for two weeks.By june 28 th , they will have been married for four weeks. 2. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class , I have been sitting here for a half an hour . By 11:00 I will have been sitting here for two hours. 3. I am getting tired of sitting in the car . Do you realize that by the time we arrive in phoenix, we will have been driving for twenty straight hours. 4. I don't understand how those marathon runners do it . The race began over an hour ago . By the time they reach the finish line , they will have been running steadily for more than two hours. I don't think I can run more than two minutes. 5.We have been married for a long time . By our next anniversary ,  we will have been married for 43 years.

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